Chemistry
Chapter 3: 6-7
Homework
Acid and Base Reactions and Gas-Forming Reactions
Chapter 3: 6-7 Homework
- Reading Preparation
- WebLecture
- Study Activity
- Preparation work for chat
- Online Quiz
- Lab Instructions
Reading Preparation
Textbook assignment: Read Kotz and Triechel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity Chapter 3: Sections 6 to 7.
Study Notes
3.6 Acids and Bases There are several definitions of what characterizes an acid and a base; eventually you will learn all of them. For the current chapter, we define acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors OR chemical compounds that change the "free proton" or H+ population of a solution. Acidity or acid strength (or base strength) indicates how thoroughly a given substance dissociates.
Acid-base reactions will occur between two strong components (strong acid - strong base), or between a strong and a weak component (strong acid, weak base; weak acid, strong base). Be sure that you understand the outcome of a strong acid-strong base reaction and the implications for dealing with strong acids or bases safely!
3.7 Gas-Forming Reactions Many acid-base reactions involve combining acids with metal carbonates, which immediately breakdown to form CO3 gas. This characteristic is often used by geologist to analyze rock samples for the presence of carbonates as an aid to the classification of the sample. Be able to recognize a metal carbonate (usually an alkaline metal or alkaline earth metal plus the CO3 ion).
Precipitation
There are no formulae for these sections, but you should become familiar with the most common acids and bases, and the results of acid-base reactions. Adding a weak acid to a strong neutralizes some of the base, but not all; the final solution will be basic. (The details are shown in the weblecture on Acids and Bases, linked below.)
| ACID-BASE Reactions | Strong Acids | Weak Acids | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCl hydrochloric acid
HBr hydrobromic acid HI hydroiodic acid HNO3 nitric acid HClO4 perchloric acid H2SO4sulfuric acid |
HF hdyrofluoric acid
H2PO4 phosphoric acid H2CO3 carbonic acid CH3CO2H acetic acid H2C2O4 oxalic acid H2C4H4O6 tartaric acid H3C6H4O7 citric acid HC9H7O5 aspirin |
||
| Strong Bases | LiOH lithium hydroxide
NaOH sodium hydroxide (lye) KOH potassium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide Sr(OH)2 strontium hydroxide |
Salt + Water Neutralization |
Basic Solution |
| Weak Bases | NH3 Ammonia | Acidic Solution | Solution depends on relative concentrations |
When in doubt, check!
Web Lecture
Read the following weblecture before chat: Acids and Bases
Study Activity
Videos for Chapter 3: Acid-Base Reactions
Review the Videos at Thinkwell Video Lessons under REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.
- Acid-Base Reactions
- Acid-Base Titrations
- Solving Titration Problems
Use the interactive exercise below to explore strong and weak acid-base reactions.
- Use the Introduction module to learn what makes an acid "strong" or "weak". Use the water solution to start with (the default);
- Note the appearance of the molecules in the Molecule view or the Graph view: how many H3O+ molecules are there compared to OH- molecules?
- Move the pH meter so that the probe is in the liquid. What is the pH of water?
- Change the tool to litmus paper. Lower the litmus paper into the liquid and compare it with the Color Key. What is the pH of the water?
- Change the tool to the lightbulb circuit. Lower the electrodes into the solution. Does the light bulb light up?
- Change the solution to each of the four options (strong acid, weak acid, strong base, weak base) and redo your explorations with the pH meter, litmus paper, and light circuit. How does each solution compare with the others?
- What characterizes each solution? How does the graph view for the strong acid compare with the graph view for the weak acid? How does the strong base compare with the weak base?
- Use the "My Solution" option to make your own solution. What happens to the original base and its product ions if you have a weak base and gradually increase concentration? If you have a strong base and increase concentration?
Chat Preparation Activities
- Essay question: The Moodle forum for the session will assign a specific study question for you to prepare for chat. You need to read this question and post your answer before chat starts for this session.
- Mastery Exercise: The Moodle Mastery exercise for the chapter will contain sections related to our chat topic. Try to complete these before the chat starts, so that you can ask questions.
Chapter Quiz
- There is no chapter quiz YET.
Lab Work
LAB #1 GUIDED INQUIRY -- Phase II (Experiment #1)
Determination of water in copper sulfate pentahydrate and sodium hydrogen carbonate
What is the Amount of Water in Common Hydrates?
For this week: Carry out the method you devised last week to dehydrate a common household chemical and determine its formula by conservation of mass.
References:
- IGHCE Lab 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate
- APGIE Investigation 7: Stoichiometry: Using the Principle That Each Substance Has Unique Properties to Purify a Mixture
- AP2009 #1 - Determine the formula of a compound (using decomposition)
- (Alternative lab) Water in Hydrates
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