V
Physical Science
V
Chemistry
V
Properties of matter
*
Mass
*
Volume
*
Density
*
Malleability and ductility
*
Conduction and insulation
V
Physical change
*
Phases (solid, liquid, gas, plasma)
*
Combinations: elements, compounds, mixtures, solutions
*
Melting/boiling points
*
Heats of vaporization/fusion
V
Atoms
V
Components
*
Protons
*
Neutrons
*
Electrons
*
Other particles
*
Quarks
V
Structure
*
Nucleus
V
Electron configurations
*
Levels
*
Shells and shapes
*
Pauli exclusion principle
V
Elements, Ions, Isotopes
V
Basics
*
Differences in charge: # of electrons
*
Differences within elements: # of neutrons (isotopes)
*
Differences between elements: # of protons
V
Periodic Table
*
Metals, metalloids, non-metals
*
Alkalis
*
Transition metals
*
Carbon family
*
Oxygen family
*
Halogens
*
Noble gases
V
Molecules
*
Single element molecules
*
Compounds
V
Chemical formulae
*
Charge
*
Number
V
Bonds
*
Dipoles and H-bonds
*
Ionic
*
Covalent
*
Multiple Bonds
V
Representation
*
Lewis dots
*
Structural diagrams
V
Kinetic theory: states of matter
V
Solids
*
Molecular
*
Crystalline
V
Liquids
*
Surface tension
*
Adhesion
*
Cohesion
V
Gases
*
Ideal gas law
*
Absolute zero
V
Solutions
*
Solvent, solute, solution
*
Gaseous, liquid, solid solutions
*
Rates of dissolution and solubility
*
Concentration (dilute, saturated)
V
Reactions
*
Rearrangement of atoms
V
Rearrangement of electron configurations
*
Valence electrons
*
Oxidation number
V
Types of reactions
*
Formation A + B -> AB
*
Dissolution AB -> A + B
*
Dissociation (acid-base, ionic bonds) AB -> A+ + B-
*
Substitution (rearrangement) AB + CD -> AD + BC
V
Reaction energy
*
Collision theory
*
Activation energy
*
Endothermic vs exothermic
*
Enzymes
V
Reaction equations
*
Balancing reactions
*
Moles and mass
V
Reaction rates
*
Temperature effects
*
Concentration effects
*
Catalyst effects
V
Special areas
*
Water
*
Acids, bases, and salts
*
Electrochemistry
V
Organic chemistry
*
Hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
*
Nutrients: sugars, fats, vitamins, minerals
*
Nuclear chemistry (see nuclear physics)
V
Physics
V
Basic areas
V
Energy (kinematics)
*
Types of energy: kinetic, potential
V
Kinetmatics: energy of motion (kinetic energy)
*
Distance, velocity vs. speed, average vs. instantaneous, constant vs. changing (acceleration)
*
Inertia, momentum
*
Projectile motion
*
Circular motion
V
Potential energy
*
Fields: gravity and electricity
V
Work
V
Machines
*
Mechanical advantage
*
Levers, wheels, and pulleys
*
Inclined planes, wedges, and screws
V
Power
*
Energy expenditure over time
*
Conservation issues
V
Force (dynamics)
V
Characteristics of all forces
*
Attraction, repulsion, impuplse, magnitude, direction
*
Action at a distance
*
Newton's definition F=ma (Newton's second law)
*
Action and reaction (Newton's third law)
*
Pressure
V
Type of force
*
Mechanical forces
*
Friction and other non-conservative forces
*
Universal gravity: mass and weight
*
Electromagnetic force
*
Strong and weak nuclear forces
*
Relating Force to energy: w = f*d
V
Wave phenomena
V
Characteristics
*
Wavelength: meters
*
Frequency: hertz
*
Amplitude: Decibles
*
Speed: v = wavelength * frequency
V
Types
*
Transverse
*
Longitudinal compression/rarefaction
V
Propagation
*
Reflection
*
Refraction
*
Doppler affect
*
Shock waves
V
Sound
*
Pitch
*
Intensity
*
Interference
*
Resonance
*
Noise vs. music
V
Harmonics: standing waves, intervals
*
Open
*
Closed
V
Electricity and magnetism
V
Static electrical charges
*
Two types, + and -
*
Attraction/repulsion rules
*
Magnitude
*
Force exerted over distance
V
Current electricity
*
Moving charge
*
Conductors and insulators
*
Conduction, induction
*
Circuits: parallel, series
*
Batteries
V
Magnetism
*
Bipolar
*
Two types: north/south
*
Magnitude
*
Force exerted over distance
V
Force Fields
*
Lines imaginary, represent attraction/repulsion forces
*
Density indicates strength of field
*
Objects placed in field will move, depending on type of field and type of object
V
Interactions
*
Changing electrical field > magnetic field
*
Changing magnetic field > electrical current
V
Light
V
Optics
*
Straight line propagation
V
Reflection
*
Plane mirror
*
Curved surface
*
Rough surface
V
Lens
*
Shape - convex, concave
*
Focal length
*
Magnification
*
Resolution
V
Electromagnetic radiation
*
Wave characteristics
V
Spectra
*
Color
*
Range and type of light
*
Energy relationship: low freq/long wavelength = low energy
V
Thermodynamics
*
Kinetic theory of motion
*
Pressure
*
Heat
*
Temperature: average kinetic energy
V
Heat flow
*
Convection
*
Conduction
*
Radiation
*
Insulation
V
Laws of thermodynamics:
*
Zeroth
*
First
*
Second
*
Third
V
Nuclear energy
*
Nuclear structure
*
Radioactivity
*
Fission
*
Fusion
*
Conversion of matter to energy
V
Life Science
V
General Biology
*
Cells
*
Heredity
*
Evolution
V
Classification of Organisms
*
Domains
V
Kingdoms
*
Monera
*
Protists
*
Plants
*
Fungi
*
Animals
*
Viruses**
*
Tissues and systems: anatomy and physiology
*
Communities
V
Zoology
*
Anatomy
*
Physiology
*
Botany
V
Earth Science
V
Weather
V
Methods
*
Measurements
*
Instruments
V
V
Atmosphere
Energy is received from above (the sun, charged particles) and below (energy reradiated by ground, water).
*
Composition, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, trace elements, water
V
Layers and characteristics
*
Troposphere
*
Stratosphere
*
Ozone Layer
*
Mesosphere
*
Ionosphere
*
Thermosphere
V
Air Masses
*
Temperature
*
Pressure
*
Humidity
*
Front interactons
V
Clouds and Precipitation
*
Cirrus, cumulus, stratus, nimbus
*
Rain, sleet, snow, hail
V
Violent storms
*
Thunderstorms: electrical phenomena
*
Hurricanes
*
Tornadoes
V
Climate
*
Weather pattern: temperature range, rainfall
*
Amount of sunlight
*
Mitigating circumstances: mountains and oceans
V
Types
*
Desert: hot and dry
*
Arctic: cold and dry
*
Tropical: hot and wet
*
Temperate: cool and wet
V
Geology
V
Methods
*
Measurements
*
Instruments
V
Types of rocks
*
Metamorphic
*
Sedimentary
*
Igneous
*
Minerals
V
Geological forms
*
Land: mountains, plateaus, trenches, sea floor
*
Water: lakes, rivers
*
Oceans: currents, tides
*
Erosion: wind, water cycle
V
Plate techtonics
*
Plates and continental drift
V
Seismic activity
*
Earthquakes: types, intensity
*
Volcanoes: types, intensity
V
Oceanography
*
Currents
V
Astronomy
V
Methods
*
Measurements
*
Instruements
V
Observing from Earth
*
Motions of the sun: daily, annual, seasons
*
Motions of the moon: daily, monthly phases, eclipses, tides
*
Periodic motions of the planets: prograde, retrograde, conjunction, oppositioin
V
Solar system
*
Size mass, position, period, composition(atmosphere, planet), moons
*
Terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars): rocky solid with thin atmospheres, no rings, few moons, near sun
*
Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune): gaseous, thick atmospheres, no surface, rings, many moons, far from sun, potential stars
*
Kiuper belt, asterooid belt, moons
*
Comets
V
Stars
*
Types by spectra and temperature
*
Temperature, size, composition, magnitude/luminosity
*
Groups of stars: multiple systems, clusters, galaxies
V
Life of star
*
Origin/birth
*
Main sequence
*
Giants
*
Novae and supernovae
*
Black holes
V
Galaxies
*
Types by shape: spiral, elliptical, irregular, variations
*
Types by population
*
Formation
*
Structure: waves to spiral arms
V
Origin and development of the universe
*
Steady state
*
Big Bang
V
Ancillary Fields
V
Mathematics
*
Arithemetic
*
Algebra
*
Geometry
*
Trigonometry
*
Calculus
*
Field theory